ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a plant of great interest for its properties and uses. Although it has been in vitro propagated in semi-solid culture media, the use of Temporary Immersion Systems (TIS) could be an alternative to increase the number of plants. The research aimed to multiply Z. officinale in TIS. Four experiments were carried out for selecting the immersion time (5, 10 and 15 minutes), the immersion frequency (four immersions every three hours, two every 12 hours and one every 24 hours), the volume of medium culture by explant (30, 40 and 50 ml) and a comparison of the TIS system, with the conventional method of propagation in semi-solid culture medium. It was found that the immersion time did not influence the evaluated variables. With immersions every six hours (four per day) the highest multiplication coefficient, shoot length and number of roots were obtained. With 20 ml of culture medium per explant, the plants were observed chlorotic and no significant differences were found between 40 and 60 ml. The use of TIS with an immersion time of 5 minutes, an immersion frequency every 6 hours and a volume of culture medium of 40 ml / explant, improved the response obtained from ginger shoots grown in semi-solid culture medium. The use of SIT for in vitro multiplication of Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. ‘Grand Cayman’ increases the multiplication coefficient and improves the characteristics of the plants obtained. Its use is recommended as an alternative to propagate this cultivar selected by producers from the canton of Guatuso, Alajuela, Costa Rica.

RESUMEN El jengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) es una planta de gran interés por sus propiedades y usos. Aunque se ha propagado in vitro en medios de cultivo semisólidos, el empleo de Sistemas de inmersión Temporal (SIT) podría ser una alternativa para incrementar el número de plantas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo multiplicar Z. officinale en SIT. Se ejecutaron cuatro experimentos con los que se seleccionaron el tiempo de inmersión (5, 10 y 15 minutos), la frecuencia de inmersión (cuatro inmersiones cada tres horas, dos inmersiones cada 12 horas y una inmersión cada 24 horas), el volumen de medio de cultivo por explante (30, 40 y 50 ml) y una comparación del sistema SIT, con el método convencional de propagación en medio de cultivo semisólido. Se comprobó que el tiempo de inmersión no influyó sobre las variables evaluadas. Con inmersiones cada seis horas (cuatro inmersiones al día) se obtuvo el mayor coeficiente de multiplicación, longitud de los brotes y número de raíces. Con 20 ml de medio de cultivo por explante las plantas se observaron cloróticas y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre 40 y 60 ml. La utilización de SIT con un tiempo de inmersión de 5 minutos, una frecuencia de inmersión cada 6 horas y un volumen de medio de cultivo de 40 ml/explante, superó la respuesta obtenida de brotes de jengibre cultivados en medio de cultivo semisólido. El empleo de SIT para la multiplicación in vitro de Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. ‘Gran Caimán’ incrementa el coeficiente de multiplicación y mejora las características de las plantas obtenidas. Se recomienda su uso como alternativa para propagar este cultivar seleccionado por productores del cantón de Guatuso, Alajuela, Costa Rica.

Resumo O Brasil evidenciou nas últimas décadas importantes transformações no campo da política urbana e habitacional. O contexto institucional criado sinalizou uma perspectiva promissora para articular a questão fundiária à política habitacional. Apesar de haver um consenso de que a terra urbana é componente e condição essencial para o êxito das ações que efetivam tal política, as práticas habitacionais empreendidas raramente trataram desse componente de maneira adequada. Este artigo analisa como a questão fundiária é colocada no desenho das políticas nacionais de habitação. Analisa-se a abordagem da questão fundiária na Política Nacional de Habitação, seus pressupostos e as contradições geradas ao tentar compatibilizar seu protagonismo com a aceleração do crescimento econômico do país.

Abstract Brazil has experienced significant changes in recent decades in the field of urban and housing policy. The institutional context created signaled a promising perspective to articulate the land issue to housing policy. Although there is a consensus that urban land is component and an essential condition for the success of the actions that concretize such a policy, housing practices undertaken rarely deal with this component in the proper way. This paper examine how the land issue is inserted in the design of national housing policies. The work analyzes the approach of land issue in National Housing Policy, its purposes and the contradictions generated to match its role with the acceleration of economic growth.

This paper has two objectives: the first is to evaluate the impact of competition on the stability of the Mexican banking sector, also seeks to assess the impact of efficiency on stability. A period spanning from 2001 to 2012 was used. To measure competition the Lerner index was estimated. In the evaluation of the efficiency were used two different measurements: Boone index and technical efficiency. Finally to measurestability the z score was employed. The estimation method used to evaluate both the impact of competition on stability as the impact of efficiency on stability is the method of generalized moments GMM. Finding evidence that competition has a positive impact on the stability when the Booneindex was used. Furthermore it was found that the Lerner index and technical efficiency variables have a negative impact on stability.

Este trabajo tiene dos objetivos: el primero es evaluar el impacto de la competencia en la estabilidad del sector bancario mexicano, así mismo se busca evaluar el impacto de la eficiencia en la estabilidad. Se utilizó un período de tiempo que abarca del año 2001 al 2012. Para medir la competencia se estimó el índice de Lerner. En la evaluación de la eficiencia se utilizaron dos medidas diferentes: el índice de Boone y la eficiencia técnica. Por último para medir la estabilidad se empleó el resultado z. El método de estimación empleado para evaluar tanto el impacto de la competencia en la estabilidad como el impacto de la eficiencia en la estabilidad es el método de momentos generalizados GMM. Encontrándose evidencia de que la competencia tiene un impacto positivo en la estabilidad cuando utilizamos el índice de Boone. Por otro lado se encontró que las variables índice de Lerner y eficiencia técnica tienen un impacto negativo en la estabilidad.

Este artigo analisa a infecção por HPV e anormalidades citológicas cervicais encontradas em pacientes atendidas em serviços ginecológicos dos sistemas de saúde público e privado do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho também avalia os testes utilizados para detecção de DNA do HPV em cada população estudada. Um grupo de 454 mulheres oriundas de serviços da rede privada de saúde foi testado por Captura do Híbrido II. Destas, 58,4% apresentaram infecção por HPV e cerca de 90% delas estavam infectadas por HPV de alto risco. Este grupo, entretanto, apresentava poucos casos de lesões cervicais pré-malígnas e nenhum caso de câncer. Estudamos, também, 220 mulheres de baixo nível econômico atendidas no serviço de saúde pública que foram testadas para HPV pela reação da polimerase em cadeia utilizando-se os oligonucleotídeos My09/My11. A identificação dos tipos foi efetuada por amplificação com oligonucleotídeos específicos para a região E6 do genoma viral. A prevalência de HPV nesta população foi de 77.3%, observando-se uma alta porcentagem de casos de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais de alto grau (26,3%) e de carcinoma cervical invasivo (16,3%). A infecção por HPV foi achada em, respectivamente, 93,1% e 94,4% destes casos. A média de idade em ambos os grupos era de 31,5 e 38 anos, respectivamente. Na série 1, a prevalência da infecção por HPV decresce com a idade, enquanto na série 2 ela não desaparece, dando suporte não só à idéia de persistência viral neste grupo, mas também a variações epidemiológicas na mesma área geográfica. Diferenças significativas foram vistas nos dois grupos. Casos normais e benignos foram incidentes na série 1, enquanto as lesões malígnas predominaram na série 2. Ao contrário, casos normais infectados por HPV eram prevalentes na série 2 (p < 0.001), indicando maior exposição ao vírus. Embora as mulheres de ambos os grupos tenham sido incluídas no estudo por apresentarem citologia anormal, evidências sócio-demográficas demonstram que mulheres da série 1 tem acesso mais fácil e rápido ao tratamento do que as mulheres da série 2 antes que as lesões pré-malígnas se desenvolvam. Estes resultados fornecem dados sobre o papel das desigualdades sociais associadas à infecção por HPV de alto risco na progressão do câncer cervical. Programas de prevenção abrangentes e o desenvolvimento de vacinas eficazes e seguras contra o HPV poderiam reduzir o tributo desta doença que afeta principalmente mulheres pobres.

This article reports the HPV status and cervical cytological abnormalities in patients attended at public and private gynecological services from Rio de Janeiro State. It also comments the performance of each HPV DNA tests used. A set of 454 women from private health clinics was tested by routine Capture Hybrid II HPV DNA assay. Among these, 58.4% presented HPV and nearly 90% of them were infected by high risk HPV types. However, this group presented few premalignant cervical lesions and no invasive cervical cancer was registered. We also studied 220 women from low income class attended at public health system. They were HPV tested by polymerase chain reaction using My09/11 primers followed by HPV typing with E6 specific primers. The overall HPV prevalence was 77.3%. They also showed a high percentage of high squamous intraepithelial lesion-HSIL (26.3%), and invasive cervical carcinoma (16.3%). HPV infection was found in 93.1% and 94.4% of them, respectively. The mean ages in both groups were 31.5 and 38 years, respectively. In series 1, HPV prevalence declined with age, data consistent with viral transient infection. In series 2, HPV prevalence did not decline, independent of age interval, supporting not only the idea of viral persistence into this group, but also regional epidemiological variations in the same geographic area. Significant cytological differences were seen between both groups. Normal and benign cases were the most prevalent cytological findings in series 1 while pre-malignant lesions were the most common diagnosis in the series 2. HPV prevalence in normal cases were statistically higher than those from series 1 (p < 0.001), indicating a higher exposure to HPV infection. Women from both samples were referred for previous abnormal cytology. However, socio-demographic evidence shows that women from series 1 have access to treatment more easily and faster than women from series 2 before the development of pre-malignant lesions. These data provides baseline support for the role of social inequalities linked to high risk HPV infection leading to cervical cancer. Broadly screening programs and the development of safe and effective vaccines against HPV would diminish the toll of this disease that affect mainly poor women.

Background: A reduction of heart rate variability (HRV) is currently considered an independent risk factor for morbidity, mortality and severity of several cardiac disease, however, the dynamic sympathovagal modulation on HR V during 24 hr in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) had not been described. Methods: 24 hr Holter monitoring (HM) were recorded in 32 patients (mean age 34, +/-12, 90% female) with severe primary pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary pressure, 9O :t: 12mm Hg), and in 34 patients (mean age 36 +/-14, 60% female) with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) secondary to septal ventricular defect or atent duc tus arteriosus. A control group (n=44) paired for age, gender and arterial pulmonary pressure was included. HR V time and spectral parameters (mean, SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50, LF, HF and LF/HF ratio) were analyzed during three periods: 24 hr; day (8-22:00), night (23-07:00) and also every hour of recording at 5 min-intervals). After detection of sympatho-vagal balance 15 patients were randomized, Treprostinil (prostaglandin) was administered to 6 patients and subcutaneous placebo to 9. Results: HRV frequency parameters during 24 hr HM were significantly different among groups. LF/HF (day) 5.9:1:12.5:1:1P.001 and LF/ HF night)2.8:t1vs.1.5:1:.8.034. Sympathovagal modulation on 24hr HRV showed that heart rate circadian rhythm is clearly altered in both PPH and ES, but the sympathetic tone in PPH is higher at l 24hr. (p<. 05), after administering treprostinil a recovery of sympathovagal balance was observed. Conclusions: A utonomic cardiac disturbance is clearly present in PPH and ES. The circadian rhythm of HRV is first lost due to an increase of sympathetic tone. These changes may be markers of autonomic disbalance that favor the development of arrhythmias and sudden death. The sympathovagal balance in PPH could be considered an important risk marker.

Introducción: La reducción en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca ha sido identificada como factor de riesgo en enfermedad cardiovascular, pero su descripción en hipertensión arterial pulmonar severa se desconoce. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave, 32 con hipertensión pulmonar primaria, 34 con hipertensión pulmonar secundaria a cardiopatía congénita (Eisenmenger) y 44 sujetos control sin evidencia de enfermedad. La evaluación del registro ambulatorio de la frecuencia cardiaca se realizó por métodos convencionales. El análisis espectral y la relación a baja y alta frecuencia se realizó utilizando el método de Fourier. Comparaciones entre día y noche se realizó entre los grupos. Después de conocer el perfil circadiano, 15 pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar fueron seleccionados para recibir tratamiento al azar con Treprostinil (Prostaglandina) o placebo por vía subcutánea. Posteriormente (3 meses) se analizaron nuevamente los parámetros de variabilidad de frecuencia cardiaca y de hemodinámica para conocer el impacto de dicha terapéutica. Resultados: Se detectó un estado franco de hipertonía simpática en el grupo de hipertensión pulmonar, sobre todo en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar primaria. El efecto de Treprostinil fue claramente asociado con disminución del tono simpático y un aumento de la capacidad física. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar, cursan con equilibrio simpático-vagal alterado sobre todo durante el día. Hay pérdida del ritmo circadiano. Dichos trastornos pueden ser reversibles con la aplicación de treprostinil. El equilibrio simpático-vagal de la frecuencia cardiaca es un instrumento no invasivo que permite estratificar mejor al paciente con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave.

Objective: To describe trends in tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. Results: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of alcohol at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic alcohol consumption, while a higher proportion of girls (14.0%) than boys (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked cannabis at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. Conclusions: During the study period regular smoking increased, alcohol consumption decreased and cannabis consumption tended to level-off. Differences between boys and girls tended to disappear.

Objetivo: Describir las tendencias en el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis entre los adolescentes escolarizados entre 1987 y 1999 de la ciudad de Barcelona. Métodos: Encuestas transversales realizadas a muestras representativas de escolares de segundo curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) entre 1987 y 1999. Los cuestionarios eran anónimos y autocontestados. Se dispone de datos de 5.013 escolares de la ciudad de Barcelona que participan en alguna de las 5 encuestas. Resultados: Tras disminuir de forma uniforme entre 1987 y 1996, en 1999 se observa un aumento del 13,4% en el consumo regular (diario o semanal) de tabaco y del 38,7% en el consumo experimental de tabaco, respecto a las prevalencias observadas en 1996. Con respecto al consumo de alcohol, se observa una disminución global del 14% de los escolares que ha bebido al menos medio vaso de alcohol entre 1987 y 1999. El consumo problemático de alcohol se iguala en ambos sexos, y la proporción que declara haberse emborrachado alguna vez es en 1999 superior en las chicas (14,0%) que en los chicos (10,5%). Mientras en 1996 un 6,9% declaraba haber probado cannabis, la proporción en 1999, sin diferencias entre sexos, era del 7,3% de la población estudiada. Conclusiones: En el período estudiado se observa un aumento del consumo regular de tabaco, una disminución del consumo de alcohol y una estabilización del consumo de cannabis. Las diferencias entre ambos sexos tienden a desaparecer.

Objective: To describe trends in tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. Results: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of alcohol at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic alcohol consumption, while a higher proportion of girls (14.0%) than boys (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked cannabis at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. Conclusions: During the study period regular smoking increased, alcohol consumption decreased and cannabis consumption tended to level-off. Differences between boys and girls tended to disappear.

Objetivo: Describir las tendencias en el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis entre los adolescentes escolarizados entre 1987 y 1999 de la ciudad de Barcelona. Métodos: Encuestas transversales realizadas a muestras representativas de escolares de segundo curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) entre 1987 y 1999. Los cuestionarios eran anónimos y autocontestados. Se dispone de datos de 5.013 escolares de la ciudad de Barcelona que participan en alguna de las 5 encuestas. Resultados: Tras disminuir de forma uniforme entre 1987 y 1996, en 1999 se observa un aumento del 13,4% en el consumo regular (diario o semanal) de tabaco y del 38,7% en el consumo experimental de tabaco, respecto a las prevalencias observadas en 1996. Con respecto al consumo de alcohol, se observa una disminución global del 14% de los escolares que ha bebido al menos medio vaso de alcohol entre 1987 y 1999. El consumo problemático de alcohol se iguala en ambos sexos, y la proporción que declara haberse emborrachado alguna vez es en 1999 superior en las chicas (14,0%) que en los chicos (10,5%). Mientras en 1996 un 6,9% declaraba haber probado cannabis, la proporción en 1999, sin diferencias entre sexos, era del 7,3% de la población estudiada. Conclusiones: En el período estudiado se observa un aumento del consumo regular de tabaco, una disminución del consumo de alcohol y una estabilización del consumo de cannabis. Las diferencias entre ambos sexos tienden a desaparecer.

Objective: To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of first-grade pupils of secondary education (12-13 years old) in Barcelona. Subjects and methods: 37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, ESFA project). In these schools, 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours, mainly smoking. Results: 9.8% of boys and 12.6% of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally. Among the no-smokers, 61.4% of the boys and 73.3% of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future. Among the boys, factors associated with smoking included social norms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.2), smoking by siblings (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.2), attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), practicing some sports in the leisure time (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7) and having more available pocket money (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8). Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). Among girls, smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0), consumption by friends (OR = 6.0; 95% CI, 2.4-15.4) and attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.4), while intention was only associated to attitudes (OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6) and hanging out in the street in the leisure time (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 0.3-3.5). Conclusions: The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping, including cognitive factors, environmental factors, and patterns of leisure time utilization.

Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco y la intención de fumar en el futuro en una muestra representativa de escolares de primer curso de educación secundaria en Barcelona. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 37 escuelas al azar para participar en la evaluación de un programa europeo de prevención del tabaquismo (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, proyecto ESFA). En estas escuelas 1.041 alumnos de primer curso de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) contestaron a un cuestionario diseñado por la Universidad de Maastricht para estudiar las actitudes y conductas relacionadas con diversos comportamientos, incluyendo el consumo de tabaco. Resultados: El 9,8% de los chicos y el 12,6% de las chicas manifestaron fumar de forma regular u ocasional. Entre los no fumadores, un 61,4% de los chicos y un 73,3% de las chicas declararon tener intención de fumar en el futuro. En los chicos, los determinantes del consumo son la norma social (odds ratio [OR] = 2,5; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,2-5,2), el consumo de tabaco por parte de los hermanos (OR = 2,4; IC del 95%, 1,1-5,2), las actitudes contrarias al consumo (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,6), la práctica de deporte en el tiempo libre (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,7) y el dinero semanal disponible (OR = 3,2; IC del 95%, 1,5-6,8), mientras que la intención únicamente se asoció de forma significativa a las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,2-0,5). Para las chicas, el consumo se asoció a la presión (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,0) y el consumo (OR = 6,0; IC del 95%, 2,4-15,4) por parte de los amigos, y las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,2; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,4), mientras que la intención se halla asociada a las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,4; IC del 95%, 0,2-0,6) y pasar tiempo libre en la calle (OR = 2,1; IC del 95%, 1,3-3,5). Conclusiones: Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de abordar simultáneamente los distintos factores relacionados con el inicio del tabaquismo, incluyendo las actitudes, la influencia de las personas del entorno inmediato y la utilizacion del tiempo libre.

Objective: To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of first-grade pupils of secondary education (12-13 years old) in Barcelona. Subjects and methods: 37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, ESFA project). In these schools, 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours, mainly smoking. Results: 9.8% of boys and 12.6% of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally. Among the no-smokers, 61.4% of the boys and 73.3% of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future. Among the boys, factors associated with smoking included social norms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.2), smoking by siblings (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.2), attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), practicing some sports in the leisure time (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7) and having more available pocket money (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8). Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). Among girls, smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0), consumption by friends (OR = 6.0; 95% CI, 2.4-15.4) and attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.4), while intention was only associated to attitudes (OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6) and hanging out in the street in the leisure time (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 0.3-3.5). Conclusions: The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping, including cognitive factors, environmental factors, and patterns of leisure time utilization.

Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco y la intención de fumar en el futuro en una muestra representativa de escolares de primer curso de educación secundaria en Barcelona. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 37 escuelas al azar para participar en la evaluación de un programa europeo de prevención del tabaquismo (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, proyecto ESFA). En estas escuelas 1.041 alumnos de primer curso de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) contestaron a un cuestionario diseñado por la Universidad de Maastricht para estudiar las actitudes y conductas relacionadas con diversos comportamientos, incluyendo el consumo de tabaco. Resultados: El 9,8% de los chicos y el 12,6% de las chicas manifestaron fumar de forma regular u ocasional. Entre los no fumadores, un 61,4% de los chicos y un 73,3% de las chicas declararon tener intención de fumar en el futuro. En los chicos, los determinantes del consumo son la norma social (odds ratio [OR] = 2,5; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,2-5,2), el consumo de tabaco por parte de los hermanos (OR = 2,4; IC del 95%, 1,1-5,2), las actitudes contrarias al consumo (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,6), la práctica de deporte en el tiempo libre (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,7) y el dinero semanal disponible (OR = 3,2; IC del 95%, 1,5-6,8), mientras que la intención únicamente se asoció de forma significativa a las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,3; IC del 95%, 0,2-0,5). Para las chicas, el consumo se asoció a la presión (OR = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,2-5,0) y el consumo (OR = 6,0; IC del 95%, 2,4-15,4) por parte de los amigos, y las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,2; IC del 95%, 0,1-0,4), mientras que la intención se halla asociada a las actitudes contrarias (OR = 0,4; IC del 95%, 0,2-0,6) y pasar tiempo libre en la calle (OR = 2,1; IC del 95%, 1,3-3,5). Conclusiones: Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de abordar simultáneamente los distintos factores relacionados con el inicio del tabaquismo, incluyendo las actitudes, la influencia de las personas del entorno inmediato y la utilizacion del tiempo libre.